I have a question where a subject is updated in a different thread every time. So whenever the subject is updated it correspondingly updates the observer with the new information. However, if the list of observers is long, it will require some time to update all the observers. Think of a subject that gets updated very frequently. While the subject is updating the observers, "subject" object is locked and hence cannot be updated by a different thread. This will either create information traffic for subject or cause loss of information.
Do you have any idea how these issues are handled in a multi-threaded environment? Also, Can anyone recommend some books on parallel programming with C++?
Consider the use of producer-consumer queues or message queues. For your example, you can use a queue in two ways:
Changes to the Subject are queued. When something updates the subject, it puts the new state in the queue and returns immediately. This way, the updater does not block while the observers are notified. You will need a thread that continuously dequeues state changes and updates observers.
Notifications to Observers are queued. Each observer has a queue where subject state-change notifications are posted.
If you are using the Qt library, you can use the signals & slots mechanism with the Qt::QueuedConnection connection type. The slot goes through the receiver's event queue and is executed in the receiver's thread. This way, the sender does not block while the receivers execute their respective slots.
Your program might be a good candidate for the Actor model (paradigm). Here are some C++ libraries that implement the actor model:
Your program might also be a good candidate for the Dataflow paradigm. Check out the proposed Boost Dataflow library, which supports threading.
I don't have a book to recommend, but check out Herb Sutter's series of Dr Dobbs articles on C++ concurrency.