Is there anything wrong or problematic with including spaces as well as a plus
symbol (for the international code) in a telephone link? Example:
<a href="tel:+46 000 00 00 00">+46 000 00 00 00</a>
(I replaced the actual number I want to use with 0s here)
HTML is irrelevant here. A URL is a URL no matter where you put it.
The relevant spec says:
even though ITU-T E.123 [E.123] recommends the use of space characters as visual separators in printed telephone numbers, "tel" URIs MUST NOT use spaces in visual separators to avoid excessive escaping.
So "no".
Even if a space was allowed, the general rules for URLs would mean that you would have to replace it with %20
(hence the comment about excessive escaping).