is it possible to detect the color temperature settings of a monitor or display with css, javascript, html5, silverlight, java, flash, or anything that could be used on the web?
no problem if it's not working for all the cases, I am interested in everything.
if it is not possible right now at all, is there work in progress for this field (under what name)?
No, there isn't any way to detect this from web-based tools. In fact, there isn't really any way to detect this (in general) from a computer at all. You can change your monitor's settings all you like and your computer never knows the difference. It just sends the video signal down the cord and doesn't really care what the monitor does with it.
There is some information that goes back from the monitor to the computer, but in general color temperature is not included in that information.
However, some platforms that are more integrated, like many Apple products, may have a way to get this information from the system, but it would likely need to be a native application that has access to low-level system APIs, which most frameworks (especially web ones), including those you mentioned, tend not to have access to.