What does "void fatal(char *); " mean?

I just started learning C, and I came across this in one of the example given, I know this is a function prototype, but the concept I am yet to wrap my head around is the fact that does

void function(char *);

mean when I finally declare the function, it is going take an argument char pointer argument like so

void function(char *arg){}

Solution

Just to answer the question you gave:

What does “void fatal(char *);” mean?

This is the prototype/declaration of the function fatal.fatal is a function, which takes a pointer to char as one and only argument.

void is the return type of the function, which in this case mean that the function does not return a value to its caller or if it does, the value returned is interpreted as invalid by the caller.

The prototype/declaration of the function fatal() is important for the compiler. In this way, primarily the compiler will get "known", how the function is later used in the following program but secondary also checks if there are any inconsistencies between the definition, declaration and the use of the function.

In C, You may omit a specific identifier for the pointer to char in the declaration of the function, but not in the definition. This a circumstance where C is different as C++; In C++ it is permissible to omit the identifier also in the definition. You can look at the respective phrases in the standards in this answer.

So in the definition of fatal in C you have to provide an identifier for the char pointer:

// Definition of function fatal().
void fatal(char *a)
{
    printf("The string of (a) is: %s\n",a);      
}

but you can omit this one in the declaration:

void fatal(char *);

Note: The identifier between the provided arguments, when calling the function and the parameters specified in the declaration of the function may vary, like:

// Declaration (Protoype) of function fatal().
void fatal(char* a);   // parameter a (pointer to char);

int main()
{
    char b[] = "Hello";        // Declaration and Initialization of array b.
    printf("Let´s use the function fatal to print what the string in b is   
            contained of!\n");
    fatal(b);                  // when given as argument to a function, b 
                               // is a pointer to the first element of the char 
                               // array of b.
}

// Definition of function fatal().
void fatal(char* a)
{
    printf("The string of (a) is: %s\n",a);      
}

See more about the difference between parameters and arguments here: What's the difference between an argument and a parameter?

In the more far view, there is also an important difference between "pass by value" and "pass by reference". A pointer argument/parameter is always a pass by reference. What these two especially are and how they distinct is best explained here: What's the difference between passing by reference vs. passing by value?

In this context and the context of scope visibility, it is also important to know if you have f.e. an identifier x which refers to an object in the function fatal, the same identifier of x can be used in the caller, and vice versa, to refer to a total different object in each scope. - Means, you can have the same identifier (name) for different objects in different scopes but each identifier can only used once in its scope.