I have a little hard time with all of those design patterns and things that could help me write maintainable code, clean and reusable.What are the most used design patterns in your Apps? A list or something with them will be nice, there are a lot of design patterns and I dont really know with what should I start.
You don't have to consider that much about design patterns if you follow 'Laravel' pre-defined way. they kinda have defined almost everything by following those design patterns.
You can refer these articles as a start.
https://github.com/alexeymezenin/laravel-best-practices
https://www.innofied.com/top-10-laravel-best-practices/
And most importantly Official documentation. https://laravel.com/docs/7.x
The most import thing you need to consider when using 'Laravel' try to use 'Laravel' as much as possible. (Instead of pure php)