If .emacs contains the following two lines
(set-face-foreground 'modeline "#000000")
(set-face-background 'modeline "#00FFFF")
then Emacs 22 correctly uses color #00FFFF (cyan), but Emacs 23 uses a different shade of blue (#90FBFE).
What is happening?
An image will illustrate the problem, but because I'm a new user here, stackoverflow will not let me save an image. In the meantime, here is the image hosted elsewhere: http://postimage.org/image/1j2ya1ddw/
Version 23 on OS X uses the new Cocoa front-end, and the colors are rendered incorrectly both in that version and in the current dev Emacs. I opened a bug for this last week, having been working on a color theme using precisely-selected colors, and the developers appear to be in the process of accepting the bug's validity.