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embeddedld

Why would a linker script have multiple section commands?


I have been reading the sections documentation for ld and something isn't clear.

Given the partial linker script:

MEMORY
{
  FLASH1 (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x000FB000, LENGTH = 0x05000
  FLASH2 (r) : ORIGIN = 0x000FA000, LENGTH = 0x01000
}

SECTIONS
{
  .some_code :
  {
    KEEP(*(SORT(.some_code*)))
  } > FLASH1
}
SECTIONS
{
  .my_page :
  {
    KEEP(*(SORT(.my_page*)))
  } > FLASH2
}

Is there ever a reason to have 2 section commands in a single linker script as above rather than having it all in 1 section commands as below?

SECTIONS
{
  .some_code :
  {
    KEEP(*(SORT(.some_code*)))
  } > FLASH1
  .my_page :
  {
    KEEP(*(SORT(.my_page*)))
  } > FLASH2
}

Or are they equivalent. Are there other cases where you'd want to split it up like that?

Additional clarification: I am asking for a reason to have separate "SECTIONS" commands (each with their own block of section definitions) not asking for the reason for having separate sections in general.


Solution

  • There isn't ever an unavoidable need to write more than one SECTIONS command, or MEMORY command, in a linker script.

    SECTIONS
    {
        /* Commands... */
    }
    SECTIONS
    {
        /* More commands... */
    }
    

    is equivalent to:

    SECTIONS
    {
        /* Commands... */
        /* More commands... */
    }
    

    and likewise for MEMORY.

    However, the maintainability of a non-trivial body of linker-scripts is assisted if a linker script can include multiple SECTIONS or MEMORY commands. E.g. if:

    foobar.lds (1)

    MEMORY
    {
        FOOMEM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x000FB000, LENGTH = 0x05000
        BARMEM (r) : ORIGIN = 0x000FA000, LENGTH = 0x01000
    }
    
    SECTIONS
    {
        .foo : {
            *(.foo)
        } > FOOMEM
        .bar : {
            *(.bar)
        } > BARMEM
    }
    

    were something much less trivial than it is, it might be better refactored as:

    foobar.lds (2)

    INCLUDE ./foo.lds
    INCLUDE ./bar.lds
    

    foo.lds

    MEMORY
    {
        FOOMEM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x000FB000, LENGTH = 0x05000
    }
    
    SECTIONS
    {
        .foo : {
            *(.foo)
        } > FOOMEM
    }
    

    bar.lds

    MEMORY
    {
        BARMEM (r) : ORIGIN = 0x000FA000, LENGTH = 0x01000
    }
    
    SECTIONS
    {
        .bar : {
            *(.bar)
        } > BARMEM
    }
    

    so that foobar.lds (2) is expanded by the linker to

    foobar.lds (3)

    MEMORY
    {
        FOOMEM (rx) : ORIGIN = 0x000FB000, LENGTH = 0x05000
    }
    
    SECTIONS
    {
        .foo : {
            *(.foo)
        } > FOOMEM
    }
    
    MEMORY
    {
        BARMEM (r) : ORIGIN = 0x000FA000, LENGTH = 0x01000
    }
    
    SECTIONS
    {
        .bar : {
            *(.bar)
        } > BARMEM
    }
    

    An historical note: In this obselete GNU ld manual from bygone days, we can find the constraints:

    You may use at most one SECTIONS command in a script file, but you can have as many statements within it as you wish.

    and:

    A command file may contain at most one use of the MEMORY command; however, you can define as many blocks of memory within it as you wish.

    which are absent from the current manual.