I have started to use Terraform recently and as part of the VPC configuration, I had some difficulties to understand the netnum in the cidrsubnet() function.
I investigated the Terraform documentation, it says that:
netnum(the third parameter) is a whole number that can be represented as a binary integer with no more thannewbitsbinary digits, which will be used to populate the additional bits added to the prefix - still had some difficulties to understand it.
For example:
cidrsubnet("100.121.0.0/20", 8,64) --> 100.121.4.0/28
cidrsubnet("10.1.2.0/24", 4, 15) --> 10.1.2.240/28
Appreciate if you can explain the netnum parameter.
Many thanks,
Tal
A more polished version of the following answer is now available in Terraform's own documentation for cidrsubnet, under the heading Netmasks and Subnets.
Using cidrsubnet requires familiarity with some network addressing concepts.
The most important idea is that an IP address (whether IPv4 or IPv6) is fundamentally constructed from binary digits, even though we conventionally represent it as either four decimal octets (for IPv4) or a sequence of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers (for IPv6).
Taking our example above of cidrsubnet("10.1.2.0/24", 4, 15), the function will first convert the given IP address string into an equivalent binary representation:
10 . 1 . 2 . 0
00001010 00000001 00000010 | 00000000
network | host
The /24 at the end of the prefix string specifies that the first 24
bits -- or, the first three octets -- of the address identify the network
while the remaining bits (32 - 24 = 8 bits in this case) identify hosts
within the network.
The CLI tool ipcalc is useful for
visualizing CIDR prefixes as binary numbers. We can confirm the conversion
above by providing the same prefix string to ipcalc:
$ ipcalc 10.1.2.0/24
Address: 10.1.2.0 00001010.00000001.00000010. 00000000
Netmask: 255.255.255.0 = 24 11111111.11111111.11111111. 00000000
Wildcard: 0.0.0.255 00000000.00000000.00000000. 11111111
=>
Network: 10.1.2.0/24 00001010.00000001.00000010. 00000000
HostMin: 10.1.2.1 00001010.00000001.00000010. 00000001
HostMax: 10.1.2.254 00001010.00000001.00000010. 11111110
Broadcast: 10.1.2.255 00001010.00000001.00000010. 11111111
Hosts/Net: 254 Class A, Private Internet
This gives us some additional information but also confirms (using a slightly different notation) the conversion from decimal to binary and shows the range of possible host addresses in this network.
While cidrhost allows calculating single host IP addresses,
cidrsubnet on the other hand creates a new network prefix within the given
network prefix. In other words, it creates a subnet.
When we call cidrsubnet we also pass two additional arguments: newbits and
netnum. newbits decides how much longer the resulting prefix will be in
bits; in our example here we specified 4, which means that the resulting
subnet will have a prefix length of 24 + 4 = 28 bits. We can imagine these
bits breaking down as follows:
10 . 1 . 2 . ? 0
00001010 00000001 00000010 | XXXX | 0000
parent network | netnum | host
Four of the eight bits that were originally the "host number" are now being repurposed as the subnet number. The network prefix no longer falls on an exact octet boundary, so in effect we are now splitting the last decimal number in the IP address into two parts, using half of it to represent the subnet number and the other half to represent the host number.
The netnum argument then decides what number value to encode into those
four new subnet bits. In our current example we passed 15, which is
represented in binary as 1111, allowing us to fill in the XXXX segment
in the above:
10 . 1 . 2 . 15 0
00001010 00000001 00000010 | 1111 | 0000
parent network | netnum | host
To convert this back into normal decimal notation we need to recombine the
two portions of the final octet. Converting 11110000 from binary to decimal
gives 240, which can then be combined with our new prefix length of 28 to
produce the result 10.1.2.240/28. Again we can pass this prefix string to
ipcalc to visualize it:
$ ipcalc 10.1.2.240/28
Address: 10.1.2.240 00001010.00000001.00000010.1111 0000
Netmask: 255.255.255.240 = 28 11111111.11111111.11111111.1111 0000
Wildcard: 0.0.0.15 00000000.00000000.00000000.0000 1111
=>
Network: 10.1.2.240/28 00001010.00000001.00000010.1111 0000
HostMin: 10.1.2.241 00001010.00000001.00000010.1111 0001
HostMax: 10.1.2.254 00001010.00000001.00000010.1111 1110
Broadcast: 10.1.2.255 00001010.00000001.00000010.1111 1111
Hosts/Net: 14 Class A, Private Internet
The new subnet has four bits available for host numbering, which means
that there are 14 host addresses available for assignment once we subtract
the network's own address and the broadcast address. You can thus use
cidrhost function to calculate those host addresses by
providing it a value between 1 and 14:
> cidrhost("10.1.2.240/28", 1)
10.1.2.241
> cidrhost("10.1.2.240/28", 14)
10.1.2.254
For more information on CIDR notation and subnetting, see Classless Inter-domain Routing.