The example is from rails docs:
en:
hello: "Hello world"
Are the both different. Does the case of the keys matters?
en:
Hello: "Hello world"
Yes, case of the keys matters.
check example,
define variables in en.yml
en:
hello: "hello world"
Hello: "HELLO WORLD"
and access it from console as
2.2.1 :001 > I18n.t('hello')
=> "hello world"
2.2.1 :002 > I18n.t('Hello')
=> "HELLO WORLD"
Please check Rails Internationalization