I am looking for an expression which would enable me to write with the following properties:
f(x, SOME_CONSTANT) -> returns -x (or any negative value)
f(x, SOME_CONSTANT2) -> returns x (or any positive value)
f(0, SOME_CONSTANT) -> returns 0
f(0, SOME_CONSTANT2) -> returns 0
without multiplication/branching, as efficient as possible.
At first glance x ^ 0x80000000 seems like a candidate, but it doesn't work when x is 0.
Ok, I finally figured out how to do this efficiently:
Java:
int f(int x, int y) {
return (((x >> 31) | ((unsigned)-x >> 31)) ^ y) - y;
}
C/C++:
int f(int x, int y) {
return (((x > 0) - (x < 0)) ^ y) - y;
}
These above functions return -sgn(x)
y is -1 and sgn(x)
otherwise.
Or, if we just need to work for every value other then -2^31 (minimum unsigned int value), with the benefit of preserving the absolute value, this is the function which flips the sign, depending on the variable y:
int f(int x, int y) {
return (x ^ y) - y; // returns -x for y == -1, x otherwise
}
The derivation:
-x == ~x + 1 == (x ^ 0xFFFFFFFF) + 1 == (x ^ -1) + 1 == (x ^ -1) - (-1). Substituting -1 with y, we obtain a two-variable formula which has an interesting property that returns unchanged x if y is set to 0, because neither (x ^ 0) nor subtracting 0 changes the result. Now the corner case is if x is equal to 0x8000000 when this formula doesn't work. This can be fixed by applying the sgn(x) function, so we have (sgn(x) ^ y) - y)
. Finally, we replace the sgn(x) functions with the well-known formulas which do not use branching.