On my SonarQube server I have 2 quality profiles (1 for C# and 1 for JS).
How to run a code analysis from the command line locally using them (retain them on server, without using tools like SonaLint) or using a gulp task?
take a look at the documentation of sonarqube for analyzing source code ( current link https://docs.sonarqube.org/latest/analysis/overview/) - there you find a lot of useful scanners for different environments and languages.
You just need to configure them properly, but this is also something you can find within the docs of sonarqube.