Is there any way to get line numbers of all lines in editor with "triangle" button (for folding/unfolding) in gutter, no matter if they are already folded or not?
See foldAll function. Since Ace recomputes fold data lazily, so you can go over all lines and do
var foldWidgets = editor.session.foldWidgets
var fw = foldWidgets[row]; // use cached value
if (fw == null) // if it's not there recompute it
fw = editor.session.getFoldWidget(row);