One of my web pages is giving me an:
GET url_plus_query_string_go_here 500 (Internal Server Error)
type of error. How do I set the page/server up so I can log these errors to find out more about them and why they are happening?
You can use ELMAH to easily log all exceptions.
It adds a message handler to your ASP.NET application that automatically logs your exceptions to a database and provides a web interface to view them.
Aside from setting up the database and adjusting your web.config you don't have to change anything in your application. Especially, you don't have to add try catch handlers to all your controllers.