Say if core A is modifying a variable X and core B is reading that variable (X). Ofcourse in this case a cache coherence protocol will update the cache of core B, because X has been modified by core A and ofcourse this cache coherence will slowdown execution on core B. However, will this cache coherence also affect the performance of core A, assuming that variable X resides in its cache.
Yes. There are several ways that it can affect the performance. The standard protocol that people use is some variant of MSI (Modified, Shared, Invalid) sometimes with O (Owner) and often E (Exclusive) added to the protocol. In your example, core A would start in the Modified (or Exclusive) state, and core B's read would force core A to change it to the Shared state. This action takes up cycles in the cache since there are only so many operations that the core can perform at any given time. The impact of this on Core A isn't very high though since it is not in the critical path. The bigger impact is if Core A does a write again. Since the cache line is in the shared (or invalid) state, it must issue a request to upgrade itself to M or E. That request must go to Core B. This operation is on the critical path and the write can't finish until the cache block is upgraded. That said, writes are generally buffered and the processor will generally not be blocked on this operation.