I know there are some unix utils for simple architecture queries:
arch
nproc
lsb_release -a
are there any simple ways to find out about the cluster/supercomputer/nodes - like to find out the number of teraflops of the machine and so on?
Short answer: no.
Slightly longer answer: no. You have to run benchmarks to measure those. The information should be available from the owners/administrators of the supercomputer in question.