Hash a Range of Values

I know that I can hash singular values as keys in a dict. For example, I can hash 5 as one of the keys in a dict.

I am currently facing a problem that requires me to hash a range of values.

Basically, I need a faster way to to do this:

if 0 <= x <= 0.1:
    # f(A)
elif 0.1 <= x <= 0.2:
    # f(B)
elif 0.2 <= x <= 0.3:
    # f(C)
elif 0.3 <= x <= 0.4:
    # f(D)
elif 0.4 <= x <= 0.5:
    # f(E)
elif 0.5 <= x <= 0.6:
    # f(F)

where x is some float parameter of arbitrary precision.

The fastest way I can think of is hashing, but here's the problem: I can use (0.1, 0.2) as a key, but that still is going to cost me O(n) runtime and is ultimately no better than the slew of elifs (I would have to iterate over the keys and check to see if key[0] <= x <= key[1]).

Is there a way to hash a range of values so that I can check the hash table for0.15 and still get #execute B?

If such a hashing isn't possible, how else might I be able to improve the runtime of this? I am working with large enough data sets that linear runtime is not fast enough.

EDIT: In response to cheeken's answer, I must note that the intervals cannot be assumed to be regular. As a matter of fact, I can almost guarantee that they are not

In response to requests in comments, I should mention that I am doing this in an attempt to implement fitness-based selection in a genetic algorithm. The algorithm itself is for homework, but the specific implementation is only to improve the runtime for generating experimental data.

Solution

As others have noted, the best algorithm you're going to get for this is something that's O(log N), not O(1), with something along the lines of a bisection search through a sorted list.

The easiest way to do this in Python is with the bisect standard module, http://docs.python.org/library/bisect.html. Note, in particular, the example in section 8.5.2 there, on doing numeric table lookups -- it's exactly what you are doing:

>>> def grade(score, breakpoints=[60, 70, 80, 90], grades='FDCBA'):
...     i = bisect(breakpoints, score)
...     return grades[i]
...
>>> [grade(score) for score in [33, 99, 77, 70, 89, 90, 100]]
['F', 'A', 'C', 'C', 'B', 'A', 'A']

Replace the grades string with a list of functions, the breakpoints list with your list of lower thresholds, and there you go.