I'm trying to get my program working without boost usage, but can't find an alternative of some useful patterns. Namely, I can't find boost::optional-likewise pattern in the standard library. Is there some standard alternative for boost::optional (C++11 or somewhere else)?
Short answer: No.
Long answer: Roll your own according to the boost spec. The documentation is quite exhaustive and the code isn't that complex, but this still requires above average C++ skills.
To update this answer: C++14 unfortunately did not ship with std::optional. The current proposal (Revision 5) is N3793 and it is expected to be shipped as a separate technical specification or to become part of C++17.