Convert Image to Byte Array to use in Adafruit SSD1306 OLED display

How to convert an image to a byte array in WPF for use with (monochrome) displays such as Adafruit SSD1306 OLED display on an Arduino.

I want some functions similar to this website: https://javl.github.io/image2cpp/

Solution

You could create a BitmapImage from the source file, then create a FormatConvertedBitmap with PixelFormats.BlackWhite and get the raw pixel buffer by the CopyPixels method.

ImageConverter.cs

using System.Drawing;
using System.Drawing.Imaging;
using System.IO;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using Color = System.Drawing.Color;
using PixelFormat = System.Drawing.Imaging.PixelFormat;

namespace OledWpfApp
{
    public class ImageConverter
    {
        public static Bitmap ResizeBitmap(string path, int width, int height)
        {
            using (Bitmap original = new Bitmap(path))
            {
                return new Bitmap(original, width, height);
            }
        }

        public static byte[] ConvertImageToByteArray(string imagePath, int width, int height)
        {
            // Create and resize image to fit OLED 
            using (Bitmap bitmap = ResizeBitmap(imagePath, width, height))
            {
                // Create a byte array to hold the image data
                byte[] imageData = new byte[width * height / 8];

                // Iterate through each pixel and convert to monochrome
                for (int y = 0; y < height; y++)
                {
                    for (int x = 0; x < width; x++)
                    {
                        var color = bitmap.GetPixel(x, y);
                        bool pixelOn = color.R < 128; // Threshold for converting to black or white

                        int byteIndex = (y * width + x) / 8;
                        int bitIndex = x % 8;

                        if (pixelOn)
                        {
                            imageData[byteIndex] |= (byte)(0x80 >> bitIndex);
                        }
                        else
                        {
                            imageData[byteIndex] &= (byte)~(0x80 >> bitIndex);
                        }
                    }
                }

                return imageData;
            }
        }

        public static Bitmap ConvertByteArrayToBitmap(byte[] imageData, int width, int height)
        {
            Bitmap bitmap = new Bitmap(width, height, PixelFormat.Format1bppIndexed);

            // Set the palette to use only black and white colors
            ColorPalette palette = bitmap.Palette;
            palette.Entries[0] = Color.Black;
            palette.Entries[1] = Color.White;
            bitmap.Palette = palette;

            // Lock the bitmap's bits
            BitmapData bmpData = bitmap.LockBits(new Rectangle(0, 0, width, height), ImageLockMode.WriteOnly, bitmap.PixelFormat);

            // Copy the image data to the bitmap
            IntPtr ptr = bmpData.Scan0;
            System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.Copy(imageData, 0, ptr, imageData.Length);

            // Unlock the bits
            bitmap.UnlockBits(bmpData);

            return bitmap;
        }

        public static ImageSource ConvertBitmapToImageSource(Bitmap bitmap)
        {
            // Convert Bitmap to MemoryStream
            using (MemoryStream memoryStream = new MemoryStream())
            {
                bitmap.Save(memoryStream, ImageFormat.Png);
                memoryStream.Position = 0;

                // Convert MemoryStream to BitmapImage
                BitmapImage bitmapImage = new BitmapImage();
                bitmapImage.BeginInit();
                bitmapImage.StreamSource = memoryStream;
                bitmapImage.CacheOption = BitmapCacheOption.OnLoad;
                bitmapImage.EndInit();

                return bitmapImage;
            }
        }
    }
}

MainWindow.xaml

<Window x:Class="WpfApp1.MainWindow"
        xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
        xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
        xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfApp1"
        mc:Ignorable="d"
        Title="MainWindow" Height="240" Width="240">
    <Grid>
        <Image x:Name="imageControl"/>
    </Grid>
</Window>

MainWindow.xaml.cs

public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
    public MainWindow()
    {
        InitializeComponent();

        var imagePath = @"F:\2022\CustomerCard\CustomerCard\Server\PresentationLayer\Resources\Images\png\48px\png-error-48px.png"; // Replace with your image file path
        var imageArrays = ImageConverter.ConvertImageToByteArray(imagePath, 128, 64);
        // send imageArrays to Arduino via serial port or wifi

        /*
        var sb = new StringBuilder();
        foreach (var image in imageArrays)
        {
            sb.Append("0x" + image.ToString("X2") + ", ");
        }
        Debug.Print(sb.ToString());
        */

        var bitmap = ImageConverter.ConvertByteArrayToBitmap(imageArrays, 128, 64);
        imageControl.Source = ImageConverter.ConvertBitmapToImageSource(bitmap);
    }
}

Arduino

#include <SPI.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_GFX.h>
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // OLED display width, in pixels
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 64 // OLED display height, in pixels

// Declaration for SSD1306 display connected using I2C
#define OLED_RESET     -1 // Reset pin # (or -1 if sharing Arduino reset pin)
#define SCREEN_ADDRESS 0x3C
Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, OLED_RESET);

// Declaration for SSD1306 display connected using software SPI:
//#define OLED_MOSI   9
//#define OLED_CLK   10
//#define OLED_DC    11
//#define OLED_CS    12
//#define OLED_RESET 13
//Adafruit_SSD1306 display(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, OLED_MOSI, OLED_CLK, OLED_DC, OLED_RESET, OLED_CS);

// 'YAURA', 128x64px
const unsigned char YAURA [] PROGMEM = {
0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xF0, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xF0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xFC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1F, 0xE0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 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0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF};

void setup()
{
  Serial.begin(9600);
  
  // initialize the OLED object
  if(!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, SCREEN_ADDRESS)) {
    Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
    for(;;); // Don't proceed, loop forever
  }

  // Uncomment this if you are using SPI
  //if(!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC)) {
  //  Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
  //  for(;;); // Don't proceed, loop forever
  //}

  // Clear the buffer.
  display.clearDisplay();

  // Display bitmap
  display.drawBitmap(0, 0,  YAURA, 128, 64, WHITE);
  display.display();

  // Invert Display
  //display.invertDisplay(1);
}

void loop() {
}

Input

Output