I am creating an autostereogram with the function make_autostereogram. It is being output as a 3d NumPy array (rows, colums, RGB).
It is then input into the Pillow function fromarray(). It has array with the shape being output.
code:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import skimage, skimage.io
from PIL import Image
#%matplotlib inline
plt.rcParams['figure.dpi'] = 150
def blank_image(shape=(600, 800, 4),
rgba=(255, 255, 255, 0)):
"Returns a blank image, of size defined by shape and background color rgb."
return np.ones(shape, dtype=float) * np.array(rgba) / 255
def normalize(depthmap):
"Normalizes values of depthmap to [0, 1] range."
if depthmap.max() > depthmap.min():
return (depthmap - depthmap.min()) / (depthmap.max() - depthmap.min())
else:
return depthmap
def display(img, colorbar=False):
"Displays an image."
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
if len(img.shape) == 2:
i = skimage.io.imshow(img, cmap='gray')
#pass
else:
#pass
i = skimage.io.imshow(img)
i = skimage.io.imshow(img)
if colorbar:
plt.colorbar(i, shrink=0.5, label='depth')
plt.tight_layout()
print("display called")
def insert_pattern(background_img, pattern, location):
#Inserts a pattern onto a background, at given location. Returns new image.
img = background_img.copy()
r0, c0 = location
r1, c1 = r0 + pattern.shape[0], c0 + pattern.shape[1]
if r1 < background_img.shape[0] and c1 < background_img.shape[1]:
img[r0:r1, c0:c1, :] = skimage.img_as_float(pattern)
return img
def tile_horizontally(background_img, pattern, start_location, repetitions, shift):
"Tiles a pattern on a background image, repeatedly with a given shift."
img = background_img.copy()
for i in range(repetitions):
r, c = start_location
c += i * shift
img = insert_pattern(img, pattern, location=(r, c))
return img
def make_pattern(shape=(16, 16), levels=64):
"Creates a pattern from gray values."
return np.random.randint(0, levels - 1, shape) / levels
def create_circular_depthmap(shape=(600, 800), center=None, radius=100):
"Creates a circular depthmap, centered on the image."
depthmap = np.zeros(shape, dtype=float)
r = np.arange(depthmap.shape[0])
c = np.arange(depthmap.shape[1])
R, C = np.meshgrid(r, c, indexing='ij')
if center is None:
center = np.array([r.max() / 2, c.max() / 2])
d = np.sqrt((R - center[0])**2 + (C - center[1])**2)
depthmap += (d < radius)
return depthmap
def make_autostereogram(depthmap, pattern, shift_amplitude=0.1, invert=False):
"Creates an autostereogram from depthmap and pattern."
print("make_autostereogram called")
depthmap = normalize(depthmap)
if invert:
depthmap = 1 - depthmap
#autostereogram = np.zeros_like(depthmap, dtype=pattern.dtype)
autostereogram = np.zeros((depthmap.shape[0], depthmap.shape[1], 3))
for r in np.arange(autostereogram.shape[0]):
for c in np.arange(autostereogram.shape[1]):
if c < pattern.shape[1]:
for I in range(autostereogram.shape[2]):
autostereogram[r, c, I] = pattern[r % pattern.shape[0], c, I]
else:
shift = int(depthmap[r, c] * shift_amplitude * pattern.shape[1])
for I in range(autostereogram.shape[2]):
autostereogram[r, c, I] = autostereogram[r, c - pattern.shape[1] + shift, I]
return autostereogram
img = blank_image()
"""
"""
texture= Image.open('marble.png')
texture.show()
"""
test_img = insert_pattern(img, coin, (10, 20))
pattern = make_pattern(shape=(128, 64))
#print(type(pattern))
patternImg = Image.fromarray(pattern)
#patternImg.show()
print("pattern: ", type(pattern))
plt.imshow(pattern)
display(pattern)
depthmap = create_circular_depthmap(radius=150)
#print("depthmap: ", depthmap)
depthmapImg = Image.fromarray(normalize(depthmap))
#depthmapImg.show()
display(depthmap, colorbar=True)
#display(autostereogram)
print("depthmap array shape: ", depthmap.shape)
#print("new pattern: ", newPattern)
autostereogram2 = make_autostereogram(depthmap, newPattern)
print(autostereogram2)
#display(autostereogram2)
#print("stereogram shape: ", autostereogram2.shape())
autostereogramImg = patternImg = Image.fromarray(autostereogram2)
autostereogramImg.save('autostereogramOutput.png')
autostereogramImg.show()
error:
File "C:\Users\geniu\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.12_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python312\site-packages\PIL\Image.py", line 3102, in fromarray
raise TypeError(msg) from e
TypeError: Cannot handle this data type: (1, 1, 3), <f8
error when I use the display() function in the code:
C:\Users\geniu\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.12_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python312\site-packages\skimage\io\_plugins\matplotlib_plugin.py:158: UserWarning: Float image out of standard range; displaying image with stretched contrast.
lo, hi, cmap = _get_display_range(image)
Clipping input data to the valid range for imshow with RGB data ([0..1] for floats or [0..255] for integers).
Clipping input data to the valid range for imshow with RGB data ([0..1] for floats or [0..255] for integers).
C:\Users\geniu\AppData\Local\Packages\PythonSoftwareFoundation.Python.3.12_qbz5n2kfra8p0\LocalCache\local-packages\Python312\site-packages\skimage\io\_plugins\matplotlib_plugin.py:171: UserWarning: This figure includes Axes that are not compatible with tight_layout, so results might be incorrect.
ax.get_figure().tight_layout()
C:\Users\geniu\OneDrive\GW\Spring_2024\CSCI_6527\final_project.py:34: UserWarning: This figure includes Axes that are not compatible with tight_layout, so results might be incorrect.
plt.tight_layout()
or, should I just use a black-and-white texture for this source code, which was obtained here, with modifications
https://flothesof.github.io/making-stereograms-Python.html
I am just trying to display or save an image from that array being made, with RGB colors.
From the PIL documentation, you can (and, in this case, you need to) specify a Mode. So, you should have
Image.fromarray(autostereogram2, mode='RGB')