I get that pacman
uses the mirrorlist and downloads the package tars from one of the mirrors.
But is there a place in https://archlinux.org/packages/ or https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/ where I can get a URL to download a specific package?
Note: I'm not trying to troubleshoot anything.
For official packages, it's right there.
Everything in AUR is not compiled, you have to compile them yourself.