From within the VM-image it is not possible to resolve addresses.
ping returns ping: google.com: Name or service not known and resolvectl query google.com server or network returns error refused.
The DNS service was properly configured as described in the Arch Wiki.
The host systemd-resolved config was not correctly configured.
The file /etc/resolv.conf was empty. Using the stub method described in the arch wiki resolves the problem in the VM (ln -rsf /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf).
Not sure what caused the problem specifically, but I did not expect it to be caused by the host OS