I am sure this used to work before, and I cannot figure out if there is a setting I changed or anything else.
If I debug a test, and there is an unhandled/uncaught exception, the test stops and I get this screen:
How can I get back the behaviour so that the test breaks at the point of the exception?
You have most likely involuntarily unchecked the top boxes in the Breakpoints panel. Check them and things should work as expected again:
Most likely when you manually unchecked all the breakpoints.
Instead, use the little icon in the top right corner, since that one will not uncheck the top three.