Loom's chrome extension can record your screen with "one click record".
Normally, to capture someone's screen, the browser will display a "do you want to share your screen" modal.
How does Loom achieve this?
It's an extension, not just a web page. When you installed it, Chrome showed you the things it would have access to, and you accepted that by continuing with the installation:
Extensions have very a different permissions model than web pages, because there's that explicit, user-driven installation step.