I am trying to compile some C++ code with Clang; I am using Raylib. In an attempt to get things working, I have the basic window demo. All my Raylib header files are in a folder called "include" and my libraries are in a folder called "lib". After making sure I was including "include/raylib.h" and linking raylib.lib with the compiler arguments L.\lib -lraylib, I find an error message telling me 136 functions are yet to be defined, along with a bunch of other errors telling me exactly which functions this error is referring to:
fatal error LNK1120: 136 unresolved externals
After doing some digging, I find that linking some standard libraries gets this total down to 38.
| Library | Functions Defined |
|---|---|
| Gdi32.lib | 13 |
| WinMM.lib | 2 |
| User32.Lib | 79 |
| shell32.lib | 4 |
OpenGL32.lib does not resolve any unresolved externals.
After copying in a more complex example (specifically, the "custom uniform" example), I see that the number of unresolved externals increases to 44. I assume that other examples will cause this number to increase to different amounts.
Here is the command that is used to compile the application currently:
clang++ main.cpp -o main.exe -L.\lib -lraylib -lOpenGL32 -lGdi32 -lWinMM -lUser32 -lshell32 -Xlinker /NODEFAULTLIB:MSVCRT
The /NODEFAULTLIB:MSVCRT linker argument is added because Clang warned me about function redefinitions.
The following are the logs that Clang outputs upon executing this command:
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol '__stdio_common_vsprintf' defined in 'libucrt.lib(output.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rcore.obj)' in function 'sprintf'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol '__stdio_common_vsprintf' defined in 'libucrt.lib(output.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtext.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol '__stdio_common_vsprintf' defined in 'libucrt.lib(output.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtextures.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol '__stdio_common_vsprintf' defined in 'libucrt.lib(output.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rglfw.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'calloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(calloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rglfw.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'calloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(calloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rcore.obj)' in function 'CompressData'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'calloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(calloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtext.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'calloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(calloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(utils.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'calloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(calloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtextures.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'free' defined in 'libucrt.lib(free.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rglfw.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'free' defined in 'libucrt.lib(free.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rcore.obj)' in function 'ClearDirectoryFiles'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'free' defined in 'libucrt.lib(free.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtext.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'free' defined in 'libucrt.lib(free.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(utils.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'free' defined in 'libucrt.lib(free.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtextures.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'malloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(malloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rcore.obj)' in function 'DecodeDataBase64'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'malloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(malloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtext.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'malloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(malloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(utils.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'malloc' defined in 'libucrt.lib(malloc.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtextures.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol '_errno' defined in 'libucrt.lib(errno.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rcore.obj)' in function 'DirectoryExists'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'strncmp' defined in 'libucrt.lib(strncmp.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rcore.obj)' in function 'glad_gl_find_core_gl'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'strncmp' defined in 'libucrt.lib(strncmp.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtextures.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'strncmp' defined in 'libucrt.lib(strncmp.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rglfw.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'strpbrk' defined in 'libucrt.lib(strpbrk.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rcore.obj)' in function 'GetDirectoryPath'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'qsort' defined in 'libucrt.lib(qsort.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtext.obj)' in function 'stbrp_pack_rects'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'qsort' defined in 'libucrt.lib(qsort.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rglfw.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'exit' defined in 'libucrt.lib(exit.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(utils.obj)' in function 'TraceLog'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol '__acrt_iob_func' defined in 'libucrt.lib(_file.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(utils.obj)' in function 'TraceLog'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'fclose' defined in 'libucrt.lib(fclose.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(utils.obj)' in function 'LoadFileData'
LINK : warning LNK4286: symbol 'fclose' defined in 'libucrt.lib(fclose.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtextures.obj)'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol '__stdio_common_vfprintf' defined in 'libucrt.lib(output.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(utils.obj)' in function 'TraceLog'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'strtol' defined in 'libucrt.lib(strtox.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rtextures.obj)' in function 'stbi__hdr_load'
LINK : warning LNK4217: symbol 'strtoul' defined in 'libucrt.lib(strtox.obj)' is imported by 'raylib.lib(rglfw.obj)' in function 'parseMapping'
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp___stdio_common_vsscanf referenced in function sscanf_s
raylib.lib(rtext.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp___stdio_common_vsscanf
raylib.lib(rglfw.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp___stdio_common_vsscanf
raylib.lib(rglfw.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_realloc
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_realloc
raylib.lib(rtext.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_realloc
raylib.lib(utils.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_realloc
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_realloc
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_srand referenced in function InitWindow
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_rand referenced in function GetRandomValue
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_system referenced in function OpenURL
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_strncpy referenced in function GetPrevDirectoryPath
raylib.lib(rtext.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_strncpy
raylib.lib(rglfw.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_strncpy
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_round referenced in function SetupFramebuffer
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_round
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fmaxf referenced in function Vector3Max
raylib.lib(rshapes.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_fmaxf
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fminf referenced in function Vector3Min
raylib.lib(rshapes.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_fminf
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_roundf referenced in function GetFPS
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__time64 referenced in function InitWindow
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__stat64i32 referenced in function GetFileModTime
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__access referenced in function FileExists
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__findclose referenced in function DirectoryExists
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__findfirst64i32 referenced in function opendir
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__findnext64i32 referenced in function GetDirectoryFiles
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__getcwd referenced in function GetWorkingDirectory
raylib.lib(rcore.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp__chdir referenced in function ChangeDirectory
raylib.lib(rtext.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_toupper referenced in function TextToPascal
raylib.lib(rtext.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_tolower referenced in function LoadFontFromMemory
raylib.lib(utils.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fopen referenced in function LoadFileData
raylib.lib(utils.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fread referenced in function LoadFileData
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_fread
raylib.lib(utils.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fseek referenced in function LoadFileData
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_fseek
raylib.lib(utils.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_ftell referenced in function LoadFileData
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_ftell
raylib.lib(utils.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fwrite referenced in function SaveFileData
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp_fwrite
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_strtod referenced in function GenImageCellular
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fmax referenced in function GenImageGradientRadial
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fmin referenced in function GenImageCellular
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_frexp referenced in function stbiw__write_hdr_scanline
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_hypot referenced in function GenImageCellular
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_ldexp referenced in function stbi__hdr_convert
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fopen_s referenced in function stbi_info
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_feof referenced in function stbi__stdio_eof
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_ferror referenced in function stbi__stdio_eof
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_fgetc referenced in function stbi__stdio_skip
raylib.lib(rtextures.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_ungetc referenced in function stbi__stdio_skip
raylib.lib(rglfw.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_strcspn referenced in function glfwUpdateGamepadMappings
raylib.lib(rglfw.obj) : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol __imp_strspn referenced in function glfwUpdateGamepadMappings
main.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 38 unresolved externals
clang++: error: linker command failed with exit code 1120 (use -v to see invocation)
I do not know which of the 481 other standard libraries I need to link in order to get my code to compile, or if there is some other trick needed to compile my code. Below is a list of all 486 standard libraries in question:
libucrt.lib libucrtd.lib ucrt.lib ucrtd.lib
AclUI.Lib dciman32.lib hbaapi.lib MqOA20.Tlb ondemandconnroutehelper.lib ShLwApi.Lib Wer.lib
ActiveDS.Lib dcomp.lib hhsetup.lib MqRt.Lib OneCore.Lib simpdata.tlb wevtapi.lib
ADSIid.Lib ddraw.lib hid.lib MrmSupport.lib OneCore_apiset.Lib slc.lib WiaGuid.Lib
AdvAPI32.Lib devenum.lib HLink.Lib msaatext.lib OneCore_downlevel.Lib slcext.lib wiaservc.lib
advpack.Lib deviceaccess.lib hrtfapo.lib MSAcm32.Lib OneCoreUAP.Lib slwga.lib wiautil.lib
ahadmin.lib devmgr.lib Htmlhelp.Lib MSAJApi.lib OneCoreUAP_apiset.Lib SnmpAPI.Lib WinBio.lib
amsi.lib dflayout.lib httpapi.lib msclus.tlb OneCoreUAP_downlevel.Lib spoolss.lib windows.ai.machinelearning.lib
amstrmid.lib DhcpCSvc.Lib hxhelppaneproxy.tlb Mscms.Lib OpenGL32.Lib SpOrder.Lib windows.data.pdf.lib
apidll.lib DhcpCSvc6.Lib iashlpr.lib MsCtfMonitor.lib osptk.lib SrClient.lib windows.media.mediacontrol.lib
appmgmts.lib dhcpsapi.lib Icm32.Lib msdasc.lib p2p.lib srpapi.lib windows.networking.lib
appmgr.lib DiagnosticDataQuery.Lib Icmui.Lib msdatsrc.tlb p2pgraph.lib ssdpapi.lib windows.ui.lib
appnotify.lib dinput8.lib icu.lib msdelta.lib patchwiz.lib StdOle2.Tlb WindowsApp.lib
ASycFilt.Lib directml.lib icuin.Lib msdmo.lib pathcch.lib Sti.Lib WindowsApp_downlevel.lib
audiobaseprocessingobject.lib dloadhelper.lib icuuc.lib msdrm.lib Pdh.Lib strmbase.lib windowscodecs.lib
AudioBaseProcessingObjectV140.lib dmoguids.lib IEPMAPI.Lib msfeeds.tlb PeerDist.lib strmiids.lib windowscoreheadless.Lib
audioeng.lib dmprocessxmlfiltered.lib iesetup.lib Msi.Lib PhotoAcquireUID.lib strsafe.lib windowscoreheadless_apiset.Lib
audiomediatypecrt.lib DnsAPI.Lib iextag.tlb MSImg32.Lib PortableDeviceGuids.lib structuredquery.lib windowssideshowguids.lib
AuthZ.Lib dnscrcli.lib ImageHlp.Lib mspatcha.lib powrprof.lib Svcguid.Lib winfax.lib
aux_ulib.lib dnslib.lib imapi2.tlb mspatchc.lib prntvpt.lib swdevice.lib winhttp.lib
avifil32.Lib dnsperf.lib imapi2fs.tlb mspbase.lib ProjectedFSLib.lib synchronization.lib WinInet.Lib
avrt.lib dnsrpc.lib imgutil.Lib msports.lib propsys.lib t2embed.lib winml.lib
basesrv.lib dnsrslvr.lib Imm32.Lib MSRating.Lib Psapi.Lib Tapi32.Lib WinMM.Lib
bcrypt.lib dpx.lib infocardapi.Lib MSTask.Lib quartz.lib tapi32l.lib winsatapi.lib
Bits.Lib drt.lib inkobjcore.lib msv1_0.lib query.lib taskschd.lib winscard.lib
BluetoothApis.lib drtprov.lib inseng.lib msvfw32.Lib qwave.lib tbs.lib WinSpool.Lib
bthprops.lib drttransport.lib int64.lib MsWSock.Lib RASAPI32.Lib tdh.lib winsqlite3.lib
BufferOverflow.lib dsound.lib iphlpapi.lib MsXml.Tlb RASDlg.Lib Thunk32.Lib winsta.lib
BufferOverflowU.lib DSProp.Lib Iprop.Lib MsXml2.Lib rasuser.lib tokenbinding.lib WinStrm.Lib
Cabinet.Lib dssec.lib iscsidsc.lib msxml6.lib Rdcentraldb.tlb Traffic.Lib WinTrust.Lib
certadm.lib dststlog.lib IsolatedWindowsEnvironmentUtils.lib Mtx.Lib rdpencomapi.tlb TranscodeImageUID.lib winusb.lib
certca.lib DSUIExt.Lib jetoledb.lib mtxdm.lib rendezvoussession.tlb tsec.lib wkspbkax.tlb
certcli.lib DtcHelp.Lib jsrt.lib muiload.lib resutils.lib tspubplugincom.lib wlanapi.lib
CertIdl.Lib dwmapi.lib kerbcli.lib ncrypt.lib rometadata.lib tsuserex.tlb wlanui.lib
CertPolEng.Lib dwrite.lib kernel32.Lib nddeapi.lib rpcexts.lib twain_32.lib Wldap32.Lib
cfgmgr32.lib dxcompiler.lib kernel32legacylib.lib ndfapi.lib Rpcns4.Lib twinapi.lib Wldp.Lib
Chakrart.lib dxcore.lib keycredmgr.lib ndproxystub.lib rpcproxy.lib txfw32.lib wmcodecdspuuid.lib
cimfs.lib dxgi.lib KSProxy.Lib NetAPI32.Lib RpcRT4.Lib ualapi.lib wmip.lib
cldapi.lib dxguid.lib ksuser.lib NetFW.TLB rpcutil.lib UIAutomationCore.lib wmiutils.lib
clfsmgmt.lib dxtmsft.lib ktmw32.lib netlib.lib rstrtmgr.lib umpdddi.lib wmvcore.lib
clfsw32.lib dxtrans.lib LoadPerf.Lib NetSh.Lib Rtm.Lib unicows.lib wofutil.lib
ClusApi.Lib dxva2.lib locationapi.lib newdev.lib rtutils.lib Urlmon.Lib workspace.tlb
ComCtl32.Lib eappcfg.lib Lz32.Lib ninput.lib RTWorkQ.lib User32.Lib workspaceax.lib
ComDlg32.Lib eappprxy.lib magnification.lib normaliz.lib runtimeobject.lib UserEnv.Lib workspaceruntime.tlb
CompPkgSup.lib easregprov.lib MAPI32.Lib nt.lib samlib.lib USP10.Lib Wow32.Lib
compstui.lib efswrt.lib mbnapi.tlb ntdll.lib samsrv.lib Uuid.Lib WS2_32.Lib
ComSvcs.Lib ehstorguids.lib mbnapi_uuid.lib ntdsa.lib SAPI.Lib Uxtheme.lib wsbapp_uuid.Lib
CoreMessaging.lib elfapi.lib mciole32.lib NtDsAPI.Lib sas.lib vccomsup.lib wsbonline.lib
corrEngine.lib els.lib mdmlocalmanagement.lib ntdsatq.lib sbtsv.lib VdmDbg.Lib wscapi.lib
Credui.lib ElsCore.lib MDMRegistration.lib ntdsetup.lib SCardDlg.Lib vds_uuid.lib wsclient.lib
Crypt32.Lib esent.lib Mf.lib ntfrsapi.lib scecli.lib Version.Lib wsdapi.lib
cryptdll.lib evr.lib Mfcore.lib ntlanman.lib scesrv.lib Vfw32.Lib wsmandisp.tlb
CryptNet.Lib exdisp.tlb Mfplat.lib ntmarta.lib schannel.lib Virtdisk.Lib wsmsvc.lib
cryptui.lib FaultRep.Lib mfplay.lib NtQuery.Lib ScrnSave.Lib vscmgr.lib WSnmp32.Lib
cryptxml.lib faxcomex.tlb mfreadwrite.lib ntstc_libcmt.lib ScrnSavW.Lib vss_uuid.lib WSock32.Lib
cscapi.lib feclient.lib mfsensorgroup.lib ntstc_msvcrt.lib SearchAPI.tlb vssapi.lib WtsApi32.Lib
cscdll.lib FhSvcCtl.lib Mfsrcsnk.lib ntvdm.lib SearchSDK.lib vstorinterface.lib wuguid.lib
d2d1.lib fileextd.lib mfuuid.lib objsel.lib Secur32.Lib wbemuuid.lib xapobase.lib
d3d10.lib fltLib.lib MgmtAPI.Lib odbc32.lib security.lib wcmapi.lib xapobase2_8.lib
d3d10_1.lib fontsub.lib mi.lib odbcbcp.lib sens.lib wcmguid.lib xaswitch.lib
d3d11.lib FrameDyd.Lib mincore.lib odbccp32.lib SensAPI.Lib wdsbp.lib xaudio2.lib
d3d12.lib FrameDyn.Lib mincore_downlevel.lib OemLicense.lib SensEvts.Tlb wdsClientAPI.LIB xaudio2_8.lib
d3d9.lib fwpuclnt.lib MMC.Lib Ole32.Lib sensorsapi.lib wdsmc.lib xinput.lib
d3dcompiler.lib fxsutility.lib mmdevapi.lib OleAcc.Lib SensorsUtils.lib wdspxe.lib Xinput9_1_0.lib
d3dcsx.lib Gdi32.Lib Mpr.Lib OleAut32.Lib SetupAPI.Lib wdstptc.lib xinputuap.lib
d3dcsxd.lib gdiplus.lib Mprapi.Lib olecli32.lib Sfc.Lib WdsTptMgmt.tlb xmllite.lib
davclnt.lib glmf32.lib mprsnap.lib oledb.lib shcore.lib webauthn.lib xolehlp.lib
DbgEng.Lib GlU32.Lib MqOA.Lib OleDlg.Lib shdocvw.lib WebServices.lib xpsdocumenttargetprint.lib
DbgHelp.Lib GPEdit.lib mqoa.tlb OlePro32.Lib shell32.lib websocket.lib xpsprint.lib
DbgModel.Lib gpmuuid.lib MqOA10.Tlb olesvr32.lib ShFolder.Lib wecapi.lib
The first four are separated from the rest because they are in a different folder.
How do I get my code to compile properly and display the basic window example?
I did some digging regarding what happens when you use the Raylib for Windows installer to compile your program. As it turns out, when building a program using the included instance of Notepad++, it literally shows you what it does. For some reason, the compiled program was mistakenly flagged as malicious by Microsoft Defender Antivirus, saying it contained Trojan:Script/Wacatac.B!ml. This caused a scare which caused me to tell Windows to delete the falsely-flagged trojan, however, it was accidentally flagged twice, causing Windows to think it was unsuccessful on the second try, which prompted me to perform a Microsoft Defender Offline scan. Once everything was sorted, and I realized what had happened, I did some digging regarding what Notepad++ told me it did, and from there I was able to extract the missing libraries.
As it turned out, msvcrt.lib, the same library I was excluding some default functions from due to conflicts, was one of them. The other was kernel32.lib. When including these libraries, my program successfully compiled, although a new library, libcmt.lib, created some new conflicts. If any new compiler errors pop up regarding unresolved externals, try linking libcmt.lib and omitting the linker argument /NODEFAULTLIB:libcmt. If any other conflicts like this pop up, and there are new unresolved externals, try linking the library that causes the conflicts.
The following is the command I used to successfully compile the basic window example using Raylib with Windows and Clang.
clang++ main.cpp -o main.exe -L.\lib -lmsvcrt -lraylib -lOpenGL32 -lGdi32 -lWinMM -lkernel32 -lshell32 -lUser32 -Xlinker /NODEFAULTLIB:libcmt
If you're building for production and don't want a console window to pop up with debug messages, put #define main WinMain somewhere in your code because WinMain is the entry point for Windows applications instead of main. You don't need to specify the /SUBSYSTEM:WINDOWS linker argument.
I apologize for not including some of the other libraries on my PC in my big list of libraries in my question, which were in another folder on my PC. Among these libraries were libcmt.lib and the missing msvcrt.lib.