So I need some help understanding what's happening with this SVG.
When the path is short and I apply a filter for a drop shadow I get some weird clipping. It doesn't happen when the path is longer.
Short path, with shadow (broken)
Short path, no shadow
Longer path, with shadow
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 250 250">
<g transform="translate(125,125)">
<filter id="dropshadow" x="-125" y="-125" width="250" height="250">
<feGaussianBlur in="SourceAlpha" stdDeviation="3"></feGaussianBlur>
<feOffset dx="2" dy="2" result="offsetblur"></feOffset>
<feComponentTransfer>
<feFuncA type="linear" slope="0.5"></feFuncA>
</feComponentTransfer>
<feMerge>
<feMergeNode></feMergeNode>
<feMergeNode in="SourceGraphic"></feMergeNode>
</feMerge>
</filter>
<circle
cx="0"
cy="0"
r="58.5"
stroke="#BBE4D1"
stroke-width="7px"
fill="none"
></circle>
<path
d="M 1.3612572924182083 -64.98574442586495 A 65 65 0 0 0 3.980102097228898e-15 -65"
stroke="#28B681"
stroke-width="20px"
fill="none"
stroke-linecap="round"
style="filter: url('#dropshadow')"
></path>
<circle
cx="0"
cy="0"
r="55"
fill="white"
style="filter: url('#dropshadow')"
></circle>
</g>
</svg>
Plunker here: link
The default filterUnits is objectBoundingBox
Since you've not specified filterUnits that's what you'll get
objectBoundingBox units run from 0 to 1, you might use slightly larger values if your filter goes outside the shape but numbers in the hundreds are clearly a mistake.
I've corrected your testcase by explicitly specifying the more appropriate userSpaceOnUse units that the values would seem to warrant.
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 250 250">
<g transform="translate(125,125)">
<filter id="dropshadow" x="-125" y="-125" width="250" height="250" filterUnits="userSpaceOnUse">
<feGaussianBlur in="SourceAlpha" stdDeviation="3"></feGaussianBlur>
<feOffset dx="2" dy="2" result="offsetblur"></feOffset>
<feComponentTransfer>
<feFuncA type="linear" slope="0.5"></feFuncA>
</feComponentTransfer>
<feMerge>
<feMergeNode></feMergeNode>
<feMergeNode in="SourceGraphic"></feMergeNode>
</feMerge>
</filter>
<circle
cx="0"
cy="0"
r="58.5"
stroke="#BBE4D1"
stroke-width="7px"
fill="none"
></circle>
<path
d="M 1.3612572924182083 -64.98574442586495 A 65 65 0 0 0 3.980102097228898e-15 -65"
stroke="#28B681"
stroke-width="20px"
fill="none"
stroke-linecap="round"
style="filter: url('#dropshadow')"
></path>
<circle
cx="0"
cy="0"
r="55"
fill="white"
style="filter: url('#dropshadow')"
></circle>
</g>
</svg>