I'm pretty new with Substrate and Rust for blockchain development. I'm very interested in learning blockchain development. I was following this Substrate tutorial: https://substrate.dev/docs/en/tutorials/build-a-dapp/pallet for creating a DApp. However, I keep getting errors about a dependency when running cargo build --release even though I was following every single steps in the tutorial. These are the exact error messages:
error[E0432]: unresolved imports `node_template_runtime::AccountId`, `node_template_runtime::AuraConfig`, `node_template_runtime::BalancesConfig`, `node_template_runtime::GenesisConfig`, `node_template_runtime::GrandpaConfig`, `node_template_runtime::SudoConfig`, `node_template_runtime::SystemConfig`, `node_template_runtime::WASM_BINARY`, `node_template_runtime::Signature`
--> node/src/chain_spec.rs:3:2
|
3 | AccountId, AuraConfig, BalancesConfig, GenesisConfig, GrandpaConfig,
| ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ no `GrandpaConfig` in the root
| | | | |
| | | | no `GenesisConfig` in the root
| | | no `BalancesConfig` in the root
| | no `AuraConfig` in the root
| no `AccountId` in the root
4 | SudoConfig, SystemConfig, WASM_BINARY, Signature
| ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ no `Signature` in the root
| | | |
| | | no `WASM_BINARY` in the root
| | no `SystemConfig` in the root
| no `SudoConfig` in the root
error[E0432]: unresolved imports `node_template_runtime::opaque`, `node_template_runtime::RuntimeApi`
--> node/src/service.rs:6:35
|
6 | use node_template_runtime::{self, opaque::Block, RuntimeApi};
| ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^ no `RuntimeApi` in the root
| |
| could not find `opaque` in `node_template_runtime`
error[E0432]: unresolved imports `node_template_runtime::opaque`, `node_template_runtime::AccountId`, `node_template_runtime::Balance`, `node_template_runtime::Index`
--> node/src/rpc.rs:10:29
|
10 | use node_template_runtime::{opaque::Block, AccountId, Balance, Index};
| ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ no `Index` in the root
| | | |
| | | no `Balance` in the root
| | no `AccountId` in the root
| could not find `opaque` in `node_template_runtime`
error[E0433]: failed to resolve: could not find `api` in `node_template_runtime`
--> node/src/service.rs:20:25
|
20 | node_template_runtime::api::dispatch,
| ^^^ could not find `api` in `node_template_runtime`
error[E0425]: cannot find function `native_version` in crate `node_template_runtime`
--> node/src/service.rs:21:25
|
21 | node_template_runtime::native_version,
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ not found in node_template_runtime
error[E0282]: type annotations needed
--> node/src/chain_spec.rs:27:33
|
27 | pub fn get_account_id_from_seed<TPublic: Public>(seed: &str) -> AccountId where
| ^^^^^^^ cannot infer type for type parameter TPublic
error[E0283]: type annotations needed
--> node/src/rpc.rs:33:5
|
33 | C: HeaderBackend<Block> + HeaderMetadata<Block, Error=BlockChainError> + 'static,
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ cannot infer type for type parameter C
|
::: /home/ubuntu/.cargo/git/checkouts/substrate-7e08433d4c370a21/70ef0af/primitives/blockchain/src/backend.rs:33:41
|
33 | pub trait HeaderBackend<Block: BlockT>: Send + Sync {
| ---- required by this bound in HeaderBackend
|
= note: cannot satisfy C: std::marker::Send
error: aborting due to 7 previous errors
Some errors have detailed explanations: E0282, E0283, E0425, E0432, E0433.
For more information about an error, try rustc --explain E0282.
error: could not compile `node-template`
I have tried renaming the references of node_template_runtime to substrate_node_template_runtime, but still no luck. It was mentioned here in this link https://github.com/paritytech/substrate/issues/2241 that I may have to rename the node_template_runtime with my project name, which was substrate_node_template (because of following the tutorial).
I tried updating my parity-db by running cargo update -p parity-db but no luck with that as well, although I had a lot of updates after running that.
Any tips what might be causing this? I currently have no new leads on what to try next as I think I have followed the tutorial step by step, and I'm new to Rust and Substrate. Thank you in advanced!
Below are my code updates from following the tutorial:
lib.rs
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
// Re-export pallet items so that they can be accessed from the crate namespace.
pub use pallet::*;
#[frame_support::pallet]
pub mod pallet {
use frame_support::{dispatch::DispatchResultWithPostInfo, pallet_prelude::*};
use frame_system::pallet_prelude::*;
use sp_std::vec::Vec; // Step 3.1 will include this in `Cargo.toml`
/// Configure the pallet by specifying the parameters and types on which it depends.
#[pallet::config]
pub trait Config: frame_system::Config {
/// Because this pallet emits events, it depends on the runtime's definition of an event.
type Event: From<Event<Self>> + IsType<<Self as frame_system::Config>::Event>;
}
// Pallets use events to inform users when important changes are made.
// Event documentation should end with an array that provides descriptive names for parameters.
// https://substrate.dev/docs/en/knowledgebase/runtime/events
#[pallet::event]
#[pallet::metadata(T::AccountId = "AccountId")]
#[pallet::generate_deposit(pub(super) fn deposit_event)]
pub enum Event<T: Config> {
/// Event emitted when a proof has been claimed. [who, claim]
ClaimCreated(T::AccountId, Vec<u8>),
/// Event emitted when a claim is revoked by the owner. [who, claim]
ClaimRevoked(T::AccountId, Vec<u8>),
}
#[pallet::error]
pub enum Error<T> {
/// The proof has already been claimed.
ProofAlreadyClaimed,
/// The proof does not exist, so it cannot be revoked.
NoSuchProof,
/// The proof is claimed by another account, so caller can't revoke it.
NotProofOwner,
}
#[pallet::pallet]
#[pallet::generate_store(pub(super) trait Store)]
pub struct Pallet<T>(_);
#[pallet::storage]
pub(super) type Proofs<T: Config> = StorageMap<_, Blake2_128Concat, Vec<u8>, (T::AccountId, T::BlockNumber), ValueQuery>;
#[pallet::hooks]
impl<T: Config> Hooks<BlockNumberFor<T>> for Pallet<T> {}
// Dispatchable functions allows users to interact with the pallet and invoke state changes.
// These functions materialize as "extrinsics", which are often compared to transactions.
// Dispatchable functions must be annotated with a weight and must return a DispatchResult.
#[pallet::call]
impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
#[pallet::weight(1_000)]
pub(super)
fn create_claim(
origin: OriginFor<T>,
proof: Vec<u8>,
) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
// Check that the extrinsic was signed and get the signer.
// This function will return an error if the extrinsic is not signed.
// https://substrate.dev/docs/en/knowledgebase/runtime/origin
let sender = ensure_signed(origin)?;
// Verify that the specified proof has not already been claimed.
ensure!(!Proofs::<T>::contains_key(&proof), Error::<T>::ProofAlreadyClaimed);
// Get the block number from the FRAME System module.
let current_block = <frame_system::Module<T>>::block_number();
// Store the proof with the sender and block number.
Proofs::<T>::insert(&proof, (&sender, current_block));
// Emit an event that the claim was created.
Self::deposit_event(Event::ClaimCreated(sender, proof));
Ok(().into())
}
#[pallet::weight(10_000)]
fn revoke_claim(
origin: OriginFor<T>,
proof: Vec<u8>,
) -> DispatchResultWithPostInfo {
// Check that the extrinsic was signed and get the signer.
// This function will return an error if the extrinsic is not signed.
// https://substrate.dev/docs/en/knowledgebase/runtime/origin
let sender = ensure_signed(origin)?;
// Verify that the specified proof has been claimed.
ensure!(Proofs::<T>::contains_key(&proof), Error::<T>::NoSuchProof);
// Get owner of the claim.
let (owner, _) = Proofs::<T>::get(&proof);
// Verify that sender of the current call is the claim owner.
ensure!(sender == owner, Error::<T>::NotProofOwner);
// Remove claim from storage.
Proofs::<T>::remove(&proof);
// Emit an event that the claim was erased.
Self::deposit_event(Event::ClaimRevoked(sender, proof));
Ok(().into())
}
}
}
cargo.tml
[package]
authors = ['Substrate DevHub <https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub>']
edition = '2018'
homepage = 'https://substrate.dev'
license = 'Unlicense'
name = 'node-template-runtime'
repository = 'https://github.com/substrate-developer-hub/substrate-node-template/'
version = '3.0.0'
[package.metadata.docs.rs]
targets = ['x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu']
[build-dependencies]
substrate-wasm-builder={version = '4.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
[dependencies]
# external dependencies
codec = {default-features = false, features = ['derive'], package = 'parity-scale-codec', version = '2.0.0'}
hex-literal= {optional = true, version = '0.3.1'}
# Substrate dependencies
frame-benchmarking = {default-features = false, optional = true, version = '3.1.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
frame-executive = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
frame-support = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
frame-system = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
frame-system-benchmarking = {default-features = false, optional = true, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
frame-system-rpc-runtime-api = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
pallet-aura = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
pallet-balances = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
pallet-nicks = { default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05' }
pallet-grandpa = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
pallet-randomness-collective-flip = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
pallet-sudo = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
pallet-timestamp = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
pallet-transaction-payment = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
pallet-transaction-payment-rpc-runtime-api = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-api = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-block-builder = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-consensus-aura = {default-features = false, version = '0.9.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-core = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-inherents = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-offchain = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-runtime = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-session = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
# sp-std = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-std = { default-features = false, version = '3.0.0' }
sp-transaction-pool = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
sp-version = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', git = 'https://github.com/paritytech/substrate.git', tag = 'monthly-2021-05'}
# local dependencies
pallet-template = {default-features = false, version = '3.0.0', path = '../pallets/template'}
[features]
default = ['std']
runtime-benchmarks = [
'frame-benchmarking',
'frame-support/runtime-benchmarks',
'frame-system-benchmarking',
'frame-system/runtime-benchmarks',
'hex-literal',
'pallet-balances/runtime-benchmarks',
'pallet-template/runtime-benchmarks',
'pallet-timestamp/runtime-benchmarks',
'sp-runtime/runtime-benchmarks',
]
std = [
'codec/std',
'frame-executive/std',
'frame-support/std',
'frame-system-rpc-runtime-api/std',
'frame-system/std',
'pallet-aura/std',
'pallet-balances/std',
'pallet-nicks/std',
'pallet-grandpa/std',
'pallet-randomness-collective-flip/std',
'pallet-sudo/std',
'pallet-template/std',
'pallet-timestamp/std',
'pallet-transaction-payment-rpc-runtime-api/std',
'pallet-transaction-payment/std',
'sp-api/std',
'sp-block-builder/std',
'sp-consensus-aura/std',
'sp-core/std',
'sp-inherents/std',
'sp-offchain/std',
'sp-runtime/std',
'sp-session/std',
'sp-std/std',
'sp-transaction-pool/std',
'sp-version/std',
]
I finally was able to figure out was wrong. The file I edited was runtime/src/lib.rs instead of pallets/template/src/lib.rs . I didn't realize there were multiple of them. The tutorial involves deleting the contents of the whole lib.rs and replacing with a new one