For example, if I add some more columns to managed view All Tasks, is there a risk that it will be reversed to the original columns after some system update?
If your solution is managed then there shouldn't be, as long as your customizations sit in a layer above the changes made in the system update.
However if your changes are unmanaged and Microsoft decide to import their patch/solution with Overwrite Customizations set to true, you may lose your changes Source - MS Docs - Update A Solution.