compact form of many for loop in C++

Question

I have a piece of code as follows, and the number of for loops is determined by n which is known at compile time. Each for loop iterates over the values 0 and 1. Currently, my code looks something like this

for(int in=0;in<2;in++){
    for(int in_1=0;in_1<2;in_1++){
        for(int in_2=0;in_2<2;in_2++){
          // ... n times
            for(int i2=0;i2<2;i2++){
               for(int i1=0;i1<2;i1++){
                   d[in][in_1][in_2]...[i2][i1] =updown(in)+updown(in_1)+...+updown(i1);
               }
            }
          // ...
        }
    }
}

Now my question is whether one can write it in a more compact form.

Answer 1

The n bits in_k can be interpreted as the representation of one integer less than 2^n.

This allows easily to work with a 1-D array (vector) d[.].

In practice, an interger j corresponds to

j = in[0] + 2*in[1] + ... + 2^n-1*in[n-1]

Moreover, a direct implementation is O(NlogN). (N = 2^n)

A recursive solution is possible, for example using

f(val, n) = updown(val%2) + f(val/2, n-1) and f(val, 0) = 0.

This would correspond to a O(N) complexity, at the condition to introduce memoization, not implemented here.

Result:

0 : 0
1 : 1
2 : 1
3 : 2
4 : 1
5 : 2
6 : 2
7 : 3
8 : 1
9 : 2
10 : 2
11 : 3
12 : 2
13 : 3
14 : 3
15 : 4

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int up_down (int b) {
    if (b) return 1;
    return 0;
}

int f(int val, int n) {
    if (n < 0) return 0;
    return up_down (val%2) + f(val/2, n-1);
}

int main() {
    const int n = 4;
    int size = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) size *= 2;
    std::vector<int> d(size, 0);
    
    for (int i = 0; i  < size; ++i) {
        d[i] = f(i, n);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        std::cout << i << " : " << d[i] << '\n';
    }
    return 0;
}

---

As mentioned above, the recursive approach allows a O(N) complexity, at the condition to implement memoization.

Another possibility is to use a simple iterative approach, in order to get this O(N) complexity.
(here N represents to total number of data)

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

int up_down (int b) {
    if (b) return 1;
    return 0;
}
int main() {
    const int n = 4;
    int size = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) size *= 2;
    std::vector<int> d(size, 0);
    
    int size_block = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i  < n; ++i) {
        for (int j = size_block-1; j >= 0; --j) {
            d[2*j+1] = d[j] + up_down(1);
            d[2*j] = d[j] + up_down(0);
        }
        size_block *= 2;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
        std::cout << i << " : " << d[i] << '\n';
    }
    return 0;
}