Without being aware of it, I've been using the cryptography package for many months now without issue, but suddenly it won't build and it's brought development on my project to a halt.
It turns out cryptography is a dependency of one of the other packages in my Pipfile: apns2. As I said, it's been working fine, but something must have changed in my environment. Here is my Pipfile with just that package isolated:
[[source]]
url = "https://pypi.python.org/simple"
verify_ssl = true
name = "pypi"
[requires]
python_version = "3.7.9"
[packages]
apns2 = "*"
[dev-packages]
This fails. I use pipenv (the latest version 2020.11.15), so when I run it now this is the output:
# pipenv install
Creating a virtualenv for this project...
Pipfile: /Users/dylan/Dev/RideHare/server/Pipfile
Using /Users/dylan/.pyenv/versions/3.7.9/bin/python3.7m (3.7.9) to create virtualenv...
ā Creating virtual environment...created virtual environment CPython3.7.9.final.0-64 in 502ms
creator CPython3Posix(dest=/Users/dylan/.local/share/virtualenvs/server-2uc2X-TS, clear=False, global=False)
seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, setuptools=bundle, wheel=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/Users/dylan/Library/Application Support/virtualenv)
added seed packages: pip==20.2.2, setuptools==51.0.0, wheel==0.35.1
activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator,XonshActivator
ā Successfully created virtual environment!
Virtualenv location: /Users/dylan/.local/share/virtualenvs/server-2uc2X-TS
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (aa4cd9)...
An error occurred while installing cryptography==3.3.1; python_version >= '2.7' and python_version not in '3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5' --hash=sha256:84ef7a0c10c24a7773163f917f1cb6b4444597efd505a8aed0a22e8c4780f27e --hash=sha256:788a3c9942df5e4371c199d10383f44a105d67d401fb4304178020142f020244 --hash=sha256:9f6b0492d111b43de5f70052e24c1f0951cb9e6022188ebcb1cc3a3d301469b0 --hash=sha256:a69bd3c68b98298f490e84519b954335154917eaab52cf582fa2c5c7efc6e812 --hash=sha256:b4890d5fb9b7a23e3bf8abf5a8a7da8e228f1e97dc96b30b95685df840b6914a --hash=sha256:0003a52a123602e1acee177dc90dd201f9bb1e73f24a070db7d36c588e8f5c7d --hash=sha256:7e177e4bea2de937a584b13645cab32f25e3d96fc0bc4a4cf99c27dc77682be6 --hash=sha256:dc42f645f8f3a489c3dd416730a514e7a91a59510ddaadc09d04224c098d3302 --hash=sha256:69e836c9e5ff4373ce6d3ab311c1a2eed274793083858d3cd4c7d12ce20d5f9c --hash=sha256:9e21301f7a1e7c03dbea73e8602905a4ebba641547a462b26dd03451e5769e7c --hash=sha256:0e85aaae861d0485eb5a79d33226dd6248d2a9f133b81532c8f5aae37de10ff7 --hash=sha256:c366df0401d1ec4e548bebe8f91d55ebcc0ec3137900d214dd7aac8427ef3030 --hash=sha256:594a1db4511bc4d960571536abe21b4e5c3003e8750ab8365fafce71c5d86901 --hash=sha256:83d9d2dfec70364a74f4e7c70ad04d3ca2e6a08b703606993407bf46b97868c5! Will try again.
š āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā 10/10 ā 00:00:08
Installing initially failed dependencies...
[InstallError]: File "/usr/local/Cellar/pipenv/2020.11.15/libexec/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pipenv/cli/command.py", line 233, in install
[InstallError]: retcode = do_install(
[InstallError]: File "/usr/local/Cellar/pipenv/2020.11.15/libexec/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pipenv/core.py", line 2052, in do_install
[InstallError]: do_init(
[InstallError]: File "/usr/local/Cellar/pipenv/2020.11.15/libexec/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pipenv/core.py", line 1304, in do_init
[InstallError]: do_install_dependencies(
[InstallError]: File "/usr/local/Cellar/pipenv/2020.11.15/libexec/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pipenv/core.py", line 899, in do_install_dependencies
[InstallError]: batch_install(
[InstallError]: File "/usr/local/Cellar/pipenv/2020.11.15/libexec/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pipenv/core.py", line 796, in batch_install
[InstallError]: _cleanup_procs(procs, failed_deps_queue, retry=retry)
[InstallError]: File "/usr/local/Cellar/pipenv/2020.11.15/libexec/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pipenv/core.py", line 703, in _cleanup_procs
[InstallError]: raise exceptions.InstallError(c.dep.name, extra=err_lines)
[pipenv.exceptions.InstallError]: Looking in indexes: https://pypi.python.org/simple
[pipenv.exceptions.InstallError]: Collecting cryptography==3.3.1
[pipenv.exceptions.InstallError]: Using cached cryptography-3.3.1.tar.gz (539 kB)
[pipenv.exceptions.InstallError]: ERROR: Disabling PEP 517 processing is invalid: project specifies a build backend of setuptools.build_meta in pyproject.toml
ERROR: Couldn't install package: cryptography
Package installation failed...
ā¤ āāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāāā 0/1 ā 00:00:01
If instead of the apns2 line in the Pipfile I substitute cryptography explicitly (crytography = "*"), it fails too in the same way.
It seems the cryptography package can only be installed with pip, not pipenv, so by doing this first...
brew install pkg-config libffi openssl
env LDFLAGS="-L$(brew --prefix openssl)/lib" CFLAGS="-I$(brew --prefix openssl)/include" pip install cryptography
(Commands taken from this question.)
...I could then run pipenv install which built and installed everything fine.