More as a curiosity, if I want to prevent some code from looking at the parent directory (contained in a list of files/directories) and I do something along the lines of (e.g. Perl) next if /^.+$/ to exclude . and .. , is this sufficiently cross-platform? If not, which platforms are different and how might one prevent accessing the parent in that case?
It will work in most modern platforms. (It will also exclude Unix hidden files/directories, but this is probably a good thing given the context.) Windows has a special case at the root of a drive, but it's not so much "different syntax" as "not there in any syntax"; if you have any intention of using platforms such as OpenVMS or Z/OS, it won't work at all.
Note that Perl and Python ship with cross-platform path utilities that you should use instead. I couldn't tell you about PHP or Ruby but I presume both also do so.