No performance improvement using --jobs parameter for pg_restore

I am using pg_restore to restore the Postgresql database backed up using pg_dump. (both the backup and restore is happening on PostgreSQL 12). The backup is taken using the custom format option --format=custom.

The restore for 10 GB backup is taking almost 30 mins. The time to restore increases significantly as the size of the backup increases. So I tried out the --jobs parameter for improving the restore times.

As per the documentation, concurrent connections will be used to restore the database objects. I verified the output of restore and I could verify that there were parallel threads started equal to the value of the --jobs parameter. However the time to restore has not improved with any value of the --jobs parameter.

I am aware that the performance depends on the hardware infrastructure. But the machine has 16 vcpus and 32GB RAM.

I have also tried tuning Postgres as mentioned in the blog with following configurations but still no improvements in restore times.


    work_mem = 32MB
    shared_buffers = 4GB
    maintenance_work_mem = 2GB
    full_page_writes = off
    autovacuum = off
    wal_buffers = -1

Is there anything that I have missed? How do I get an improvement in the restore time?

Solution

There are several things that could be the problem:

pg_restore parallelizes by running several COPY and CREATE INDEX commands concurrently.

Now if your database has one large table with a single large index, parallelization won't help you.
Perhaps your I/O system is at its limit. Then running processes in parallel won't improve the performance.
If you have lots of large objects, that is known to slow down processing, and I am not sure if parallelization helps or not.

Don't ever set full_page_writes or autovacuum to off unless you set them back to on after restore and are ready to dump the database cluster in the event of a crash. I doubt that the performance gain is worth it, particularly for full_page_writes.

One parameter that you forgot is max_wal_size. If you raise that, it will help write performance.

Apart from that, you have to find out where the bottleneck is before you can fix it.

How about using a different backup method like pg_basebackup that is normally faster?