The memory allocated to a pointer is not retained and lost when coming out of the insert_beg() function

Question

As soon as we are leaving the funtion insert_beg, the memory allocated to head pointer is lost and the head pointer again becomes NULL. Why is this behaviour although I am passing the pointer? Please guide me to how to retain the memory block which is allocated by malloc().

#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
    int data;
    struct node *next;
};

void insert_beg(struct node *head, int data)
{
    if(head==NULL)
    {
        struct node *tmp_node;
        tmp_node = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
        tmp_node->data = data;
        tmp_node->next = NULL;
        head = tmp_node;
    }

    else
    {
        struct node *tmp_node;
        tmp_node = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
        tmp_node->data = data;
        tmp_node->next = head;
        head = tmp_node;
    }
}


void display(struct node *head)
{
    if(head==NULL)
    {
        printf("UNDERFLOW");
    }

    else
    {
        struct node *tmp = head;

        while(tmp!=NULL)
        {
            printf("%d ", tmp->data);
            tmp = tmp->next;
        }
    }
    
}

int main()
{
    struct node *head = NULL;
    insert_beg(head,12);
    display(head);
 
} ```

Expected output: 12
Observed output: UNDERFLOW

Answer 1

The function insert_beg deals with a copy of the value of the passed to it pointer to the head node. The parameter struct node *head is a local variable of the function that gets the copy of the value of the original pointer to the head node. So changes of the local variable do not influence on the original pointer used as an argument

You should pass the pointer to the head node by reference.

In C passing by reference means passing an object indirectly through a pointer to it.

The function can be declared and defined the following way.

int insert_beg( struct node **head, int data )
{
    struct node *tmp_node = malloc( sizeof( struct node ) );
    int success = tmp_node != NULL;

   
    if ( success )
    {
        tmp_node->data = data;
        tmp_node->next = *head;
        *head = tmp_node;
    }

    return success;
}

And the function can be called like

insert_beg( &head, 12 );

or like

if ( !insert_beg( &head, 12 ) )
{
    puts( "There is no enough memory" );
}