Is there a best practice, algorithm or software (open source with a permissive license required...) which can find information from bodies of text? I'm referring to:
I heard RapidMiner should be able to do text mining like this, but AGPL is not an acceptable license for my purpose.
Is there anything 'standard' to do this kind of analysis?
Read about Named Entity Recognition. You can try Apache OpenNLP or Apache UIMA, both of which have the, well, Apache license.