Is there a way fail my entire pipeline if the user triggered the pipeline and didn't set a variable called options with a value?
I've tried things like only and rules but they just skip the job instead of failing all jobs.
Yes, though the way you fail would be dependent on the system your runner's based on.
For example, in a Linux/bash based runner, all you need is exit 1 (as opposed to exit 0) to stop execution and fail the pipeline