Addressing pins of Register in microcontrollers

Question

I'm working on Keil software and using LM3S316 microcontroller. Usually we address registers in microcontrollers in form of:

#define GPIO_PORTC_DATA_R       (*((volatile uint32_t *)0x400063FC))

My question is how can I access to single pin of register for example, if I have this method:

char process_key(int a)
{  PC_0 = a ;}

How can I get PC_0 and how to define it?

Thank you

Answer 1

Given say:

#define PIN0 (1u<<0)
#define PIN1 (1u<<1)
#define PIN2 (1u<<2)
// etc...

Then:

char process_key(int a)
{  
    if( a != 0 )
    {
        // Set bit
        GPIO_PORTC_DATA_R |= PIN0 ;
    }
    else
    {
        // Clear bit
        GPIO_PORTC_DATA_R &= ~PIN0 ;
    }
}

A generalisation of this idiomatic technique is presented at How do you set, clear, and toggle a single bit?

However the read-modify-write implied by |= / &= can be problematic if the register might be accessed in different thread/interrupt contexts, as well as adding a possibly undesirable overhead. Cortex-M3/4 parts have a feature known as bit-banding that allows individual bits to be addressed directly and atomically. Given:

volatile uint32_t* getBitBandAddress( volatile const void* address, int bit )
{
    __IO uint32_t* bit_address = 0;
    uint32_t addr = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t>(address);

    // This bit maniplation makes the function valid for RAM
    // and Peripheral bitband regions
    uint32_t word_band_base = addr & 0xf0000000u;
    uint32_t bit_band_base = word_band_base | 0x02000000u;
    uint32_t offset = addr - word_band_base;

    // Calculate bit band address
    bit_address = reinterpret_cast<__IO uint32_t*>(bit_band_base + (offset * 32u) + (static_cast<uint32_t>(bit) * 4u));

    return bit_address ;
} 

Then you can have:

char process_key(int a)
{  
    static volatile uint32_t* PC0_BB_ADDR = getBitBandAddress( &GPIO_PORTC_DATA_R, 0 ) ;

    *PC0_BB_ADDR = a ;
}

You could of course determine and hard-code the bit-band address; for example:

#define PC0 (*((volatile uint32_t *)0x420C7F88u))

Then:

char process_key(int a)
{  
    PC0 = a ;
}

Details of the bit-band address calculation can be found ARM Cortex-M Technical Reference Manual, and there is an on-line calculator here.