I'm using Linux Mint for this example.
As an example, I've extracted geany and geany-common into a folder using dpkg-deb. I attempt to run it:
cd ~/Packages/geany/usr/bin
./geany
I'm given the error:
(geany:9716): Geany-ERROR **: 07:02:33.815: Cannot create user-interface: Failed to open file “/usr/share/geany/geany.glade”: No such file or directory
The program is looking for the (hardcoded?) location /usr/share/geany, which I don't have because I unpacked a .deb file. Obviously using a package installer/building from source/directly copying the files would fix this, but that's not what I'm trying to do.
Is it possible assign a second "/" to ~/Packages/geany/ so when Geany runs, it assumes that both "/" and "~/Packages/geany/" are the root of the filesystem and finds the files it needs?
One way is to do an overlay mount via OverlayFS (tutorial). I'm not sure if you can overlay /
itself, but you can probably overlay /usr
& friends.
Another thing to try, without adding a second root directory, is to dockerize geany.