I have a bunch of ESLint warnings that I want to resolve, but don't want to go through troubleshooting them by continuously deploying a function. Is there a Firebase CLI command that I can use to just check for errors/warnings?
You wouldn't use the Firebase CLI for this. Use npm instead. Notice in your package.json there a number of scripts that perform various tasks. You want to run the "lint" script.
In your shell, change to the "functions" folder and run npm run lint
. This will execute the named "lint" script defined in package.json.