I want to learn more about the internals of Prolog and understand how this works.
I know how to use it. But not how it works internally. What are the names of the algorithms and concepts used in Prolog?
Probably it builds some kind of tree structure or directed object graph, and then upon queries it traveres that graph with a sophisticated algorithm. A Depth First Search maybe. There might be some source code around but it would be great to read about it from a high level perspective first.
I'm really new to AI and understanding Prolog seems to be a great way to start, imho. My idea is to try to rebuild something similar and skipping the parser part completely. I need to know the directions in which I have to do my research efforts.
AI is a wide field, Prolog only touches symbolic AI. As for Prolog, the inner workings are too complex to explain here, but googling will give you plenty of resources. E.g. http://www.amzi.com/articles/prolog_under_the_hood.htm .
Check also Wikipedia articles to learn about the other areas of AI.