I was following this guide with a single modification: instead of ltsc2019 I used ltsc2016 because on windows server 2016 you can't have ltsc2019.
Everything went fine up to the RUN stage: the installer produces some output and then abruptly (the last output line is truncated halfway) stops doing anything.
Sample output:
PS> docker build -t buildtools2019:latest -m 2GB .
Sending build context to Docker daemon 1.291MB
Step 1/6 : FROM mcr.microsoft.com/dotnet/framework/sdk:4.8-windowsservercore-ltsc2016
---> 60b66cbb41a3
Step 2/6 : SHELL cmd /S /C
---> Using cache
---> fd7a0b7ae860
Step 3/6 : ADD https://aka.ms/vs/16/release/vs_buildtools.exe C:\TEMP\vs_buildtools.exe
Downloading [==================================================>] 1.34MB/1.34MB
---> Using cache
---> 91ea2d1b1299
Step 4/6 : RUN C:\TEMP\vs_buildtools.exe --quiet --wait --norestart --nocache --installPath C:\BuildTools --all --remove Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows10SDK.10240 --remove Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows10SDK.10586 --remove Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows10SDK.14393 --remove Microsoft.VisualStudio.Component.Windows81SDK || IF "%ERRORLEVEL%"=="3010" EXIT 0
---> Running in 2f63ab89f5db
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\HelpFile\1028\help.html...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\HelpFile\2052\help.html...
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Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\vs_setup_bootstrapper.exe...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.Diagnostics.Tracing.EventSource.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.VisualStudio.RemoteControl.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.VisualStudio.Setup.Common.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.VisualStudio.Setup.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.VisualStudio.Setup.Download.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.VisualStudio.Telemetry.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.VisualStudio.Utilities.Internal.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Newtonsoft.Json.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\zh-Hans\vs_setup_bootstrapper.resources.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\zh-Hant\vs_setup_bootstrapper.resources.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\tr\vs_setup_bootstrapper.resources.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\pt-BR\vs_setup_bootstrapper.resources.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\cs\vs_setup_bootstrapper.resources.dll...
Preparing: C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp\fbc497b0c200d3c7418623ae\vs_bootstrapper_d15\es\vs_
This is because you are running of drive space on C drive which is 20GB inside container. Unfortunately build does not support to specify storage-opt so I don't beleive currently a solution for this. Refer to this still open ticket (https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/34947)