I've tried this code in External Tools with actual document as input. But it doesn't work.
#!/bin/sh
/usr/bin/php -r
Syntax check works as expected
#!/bin/sh
/usr/bin/php -l
Outputs either error message or "No syntax errors detected"
For the external tools, set the "Input" to "Current document" and the command is just php (no options):
php
The output in the bottom pane will be the output of your script. Just keep in mind that this is only going to work for local files.
Edit: screenshots...