Use
ffmpeg -loop 1 -i image.png -vf "crop=iw/3:ih/4:mod(n,3)*iw/3:trunc(n/3)*ih/4" -vframes 12 out%d.png
For full coverage of image, the image width has to be divisible by 3, and height by 4.
For square output, set crop height to crop width. The vertical crop leaves some space at top and bottom.
ffmpeg -loop 1 -i image.png -vf "crop=iw/3:iw/3:mod(n,3)*iw/3:trunc(n/3)*iw/3+(ih-iw)/2" -vframes 12 out%d.png
(This method requires that ih/4 > iw/3 for desired output)