I have simple images in black and transparent and would like to change it to white and transparent. And I want to keep the transparency (80% black and 20% transparent >> 80% white and 20% transparent, 30% black and ...). I tried the fill bucket, but I wasn't successful.
As far as I remember, in photoshop I would use layer color overlay.
How can I do this in gimp?
The general solution is to set the alpha-lock on the layer (checkerboard icon at top of the layer list) and then to bucket-fill the layer with the new color (or pattern, or gradient). The alpha-lock will make the paint only change the RGB channel but not the alpha one.
Create a group, and put in it:
Composite mode: Clip to background
The big benefit of this method is that the color and the shapes are independent, you can edit the colors later (for instance, you can move the color layer to shift a pattern slightly) and you can edit the shapes later as well (change the font of the text, etc...), all this with the image updated in real time.