Are there any "standard" algorithms for drawing thick antialiased lines? I have found Xiaolin Wu's algorithm for drawing 1px width lines, but have yet to find any extension for thicker lines.
If your lines will always be straight and you aren't looking to anti-alias curves, you can do a three-pass approach.
I'm not sure how efficient this would be in your environment, but you can draw the aliased version of the line with thickness - 2 and then use Xiaolin Wu's approach twice to anti-alias the edges. @Francisco P.'s approach would work, too, and might actually be preferable.
One way or another, the aliasing needs to be smoothed out along the outer edges. If you're dealing with lines of thickness greater than one, you can achieve this by just drawing the two edges anti-aliased and then filling in the middle.