Returning Null vs Exception vs Contract

Question

What would be considered an acceptable way of dealing with returning a record from a DB with the following 3 potential outcomes:

1. Db connection works, finds a user and returns a populated user object
2. Db connection works, doesn't find a user, returns a new user object
3. Db connection/query fails...

I'm for the most part aiming for design by contract:

class Scratch {
        public User getUser(int id) {
            try {
                // Prepare SQL Query
                PreparedStatement s = this.connection.prepareStatement(
                        "select * from get_user(?)"
                );

                // Provide SQL Parameters
                s.setInt(1, id);

                // Run our SQL
                ResultSet rs = s.executeQuery();
                rs.next();

                // Extract data into Entity
                User user = User.createFromDatabase(rs);
                rs.close();

                return user;

            } catch(Exception e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }

            return new User();
        }
}

In the situation that the DB connection or query fails it's a little less obvious what I should do, I have a few options:

• Return a new user object, because our method has agreed to return a user
  • Pro: This sticks to designing by contracts
  • Con: This makes it look like the user doesn't exist.
• Return null since it didn't actually get a user.
  • Pro: This is totally clear that a user was not found
  • Con: Requires a null check
• Throw an exception further up the chain.
  • Pro: Makes it explicitly clear the operation wasn't achieved
  • Con: Does not attempt to rectify issues where they happen

I'm leaning towards handling Exceptions as it avoids the billion-dollar mistake, and also maintains design by contract in normal situations.

However I'd like to know if there are any obvious pitfalls or if this is a familiar situation with a well established pattern to resolve it.

Answer 1

I would throw an exception and let the user know that the connection failed. Returning NULL is something I would never do because you won't know what the problem was.

I don't know why you would return "New user object" if you don't have connection to the database. You won't be able to save the user.

My choice will be to Throw an exception