RxSwift map and flatMap difference

I can't understand the difference between map and flatMap In RxSwift. In the RxSwift playground examples and the books, flatMap is used as converting Observables which has inner Observable property.

However I see flatMap being used directly on Observable of basic types. For example for below code, both of them produces the same output. Can someone help me to understand the difference between map and flatMap

struct Student {
    let score:Int
}

let ryan = Student(score:80)
let student = PublishSubject<Student>()

let deneme = student.map({ val in
    return Student(score: val.score+10)
})
deneme.subscribe(onNext: {
    print("StudentMAP: \($0.score)")
})

let deneme2 = student.flatMap({ val -> Observable<Student> in
    return Observable.of(Student(score: val.score + 10))
})

deneme2.subscribe(onNext: {
    print("StudentFlatMAP: \($0.score)")
})

 student.onNext(ryan)

Solution

flatMap is similar to map, but it transforms element of observable to an observable of sequences. The example you use is relatively simple, it is simply sending and Observable mapped into something else.

Here is quote from Reactive extension documentation,

The FlatMap operator transforms an Observable by applying a function that you specify to each item emitted by the source Observable, where that function returns an Observable that itself emits items. FlatMap then merges the emissions of these resulting Observables, emitting these merged results as its own sequence.

This method is useful, for example, when you have an Observable that emits a series of items that themselves have Observable members or are in other ways transformable into Observables, so that you can create a new Observable that emits the complete collection of items emitted by the sub-Observables of these items.

If you extend the example a bit, you will know that flatMap actually transforms each element into a sequence.

Notice that you used,

student.onNext(ryan)

Remove your dename2 and add this code below,

let studentObservable: PublishSubject<Student> = PublishSubject()

let deneme2 = student.flatMap({ val -> Observable<Student> in
    return studentObservable.map { val in Student(score: val.score + 10) }
})

deneme2.subscribe(onNext: {
    print("StudentFlatMAP: \($0.score)")
})

student.onNext(ryan)

studentObservable.onNext(Student(score: 80))
studentObservable.onNext(Student(score: 90))
studentObservable.onNext(Student(score: 100))

Now, you can see that map would simply transform a value from sequence and new Observable is created, while flatMap transforms it into sequence. Now, each of the flatMapped elements can themselves emit values since they are stream themselves.