Google Chrome saves user data of browser in a cache and in detail in this path (for windows):
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data
I searched for a while through the folders but did not find anything about the browser-passwords.
Question
Does anyone know where are written on file system the saved browser-passwords? And are browser-passwords saved encrypted?
They're in that folder, at %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\User Data\Login Data
Yes, they are encrypted. You can view the plaintext passwords at: chrome://settings/passwords
You'll need the OS password to decrypt them.