Is there a way to save (and later revert to) a given window layout in VS2010/VS2012/2013?
Yes, you can use the "Import and Export Settings Wizard" (found in the Tools menu) to export only the settings that relate to your current window layout to a file. Uncheck everything but "General Settings" > "Window Layouts", and save the file somewhere you'll be able to find it later.
Then, you can use the "Import and Export Settings Wizard" again to import that settings file, restoring all of your tool windows to their previous layout. (Note that the wizard also allows you to limit what you import from a particular settings file the same way you can limit what you export.)
I use this on my laptop, where switching back and forth between single and multiple monitor setups turns window management into a real pain. I just maintain settings files that describe each of the layouts I use most frequently, and import the one that best fits my current working environment when I need it.
Zain Naboulsi has blogged about the process here, complete with illustrative screenshots.
Update: Praveen Sethuraman, from the VS team, points out that Visual Studio 2015 finally has the ability to save custom layouts as a built-in, first-class feature. However, I have not had a chance to test the implementation yet.