As part of the Cake integration with VSCode, this is how we recommend people configure the ability to debug a *.cake file.
With the new Task API, is it possible to automatically add a Task into the VSCode instance to allow launching of the debugger? Or would this always be something that would have to exist within the launch.json file?
This is not supported a debugger connection requires a launch.json.
The coreclr debugger can simplify this by contributing a launch configuration snippet that supports to create a launch config for debugging a *.cake file. For example, the node-debugger adapter contributes launch configuration snippet to create a launch config for debugging a gulp task.