I'm trying to get a list of valid Android permissions. I know the 'official' ones at http://developer.android.com/reference/android/Manifest.permission.html but it seems there are more out there. Please do not answer by just repeating that link.
For example
android.permission.READ_SETTINGS
android.permission.ACCESS_LOCATION
android.permission.ACCESS_GPS
com.android.vending.CHECK_LICENSE
com.android.browser.permission.READ_HISTORY_BOOKMARKS
com.android.browser.permission.WRITE_HISTORY_BOOKMARKS
com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH
com.google.android.googleapps.permission.GOOGLE_AUTH.OTHER_SERVICES
com.google.android.c2dm.permission.RECEIVE
Where can I get such a list? Where do I get a description for these permissions?
There is no such thing as a comprehensive "list" for all permissions. New permissions can be defined by any application that wants to enforce its own: https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/security/security.html#declaring.
The Manifest.permission class lists the "system" permissions, and you're already aware of those. The other things you've listed aren't system permissions, but rather are specific to certain apps, and or are old names (ACCESS_LOCATION and ACCESS_GPS were pre 1.0 names, for example).
A grep for something like <permission android:name= in the source would reveal all the included app permissions (for the open source apps), but in general you should stick to the documented permission names.