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yamlplaceholdercomputed-propertiesindirectiontemplate-variables

Use placeholders in YAML


Is there a way to use placeholders in YAML like this:

foo: &FOO
    <<propname>>: 
        type: number 
        default: <<default>>

bar:
    - *FOO 
       propname: "some_prop"
       default: "some default" 

Solution

  • Context

    • YAML version 1.2
    • user wishes to
      • include variable placeholders in YAML
      • have placeholders replaced with computed values, upon yaml.load
      • be able to use placeholders for both YAML mapping keys and values

    Problem

    • YAML does not natively support variable placeholders.
    • Anchors and Aliases almost provide the desired functionality, but these do not work as variable placeholders that can be inserted into arbitrary regions throughout the YAML text. They must be placed as separate YAML nodes.
    • There are some add-on libraries that support arbitrary variable placeholders, but they are not part of the native YAML specification.

    Example

    Consider the following example YAML. It is well-formed YAML syntax, however it uses (non-standard) curly-brace placeholders with embedded expressions.

    The embedded expressions do not produce the desired result in YAML, because they are not part of the native YAML specification. Nevertheless, they are used in this example only to help illustrate what is available with standard YAML and what is not.

    part01_customer_info:
      cust_fname:   "Homer"
      cust_lname:   "Himpson"
      cust_motto:   "I love donuts!"
      cust_email:   [email protected]
    
    part01_government_info:
      govt_sales_taxrate: 1.15
    
    part01_purchase_info:
      prch_unit_label:    "Bacon-Wrapped Fancy Glazed Donut"
      prch_unit_price:    3.00
      prch_unit_quant:    7
      prch_product_cost:  "{{prch_unit_price * prch_unit_quant}}"
      prch_total_cost:    "{{prch_product_cost * govt_sales_taxrate}}"   
    
    part02_shipping_info:
      cust_fname:   "{{cust_fname}}"
      cust_lname:   "{{cust_lname}}"
      ship_city:    Houston
      ship_state:   Hexas    
    
    part03_email_info:
      cust_email:     "{{cust_email}}"
      mail_subject:   Thanks for your DoughNutz order!
      mail_notes: |
        We want the mail_greeting to have all the expected values
        with filled-in placeholders (and not curly-braces).
      mail_greeting: |
        Greetings {{cust_fname}} {{cust_lname}}!
        
        We love your motto "{{cust_motto}}" and we agree with you!
        
        Your total purchase price is {{prch_total_cost}}
        
    

    Explanation

    • Below is an inline image that illustrates the example with colored regions in green, yellow and red.

    • The substitutions marked in GREEN are readily available in standard YAML, using anchors, aliases, and merge keys.

    • The substitutions marked in YELLOW are technically available in standard YAML, but not without a custom type declaration, or some other binding mechanism.

    • The substitutions marked in RED are not available in standard YAML. Yet there are workarounds and alternatives; such as through string formatting or string template engines (such as python's str.format).

    Image explaining the different types of variable substitution in YAML

    Details

    Templates with variable placeholders is a frequently-requested YAML feature.

    Routinely, developers want to cross-reference content in the same YAML file or transcluded YAML file(s).

    YAML supports anchors and aliases, but this feature does not support arbitrary placement of placeholders and expressions anywhere in the YAML text. They only work with YAML nodes.

    YAML also supports custom type declarations, however these are less common, and there are security implications if you accept YAML content from potentially untrusted sources.

    YAML addon libraries

    There are YAML extension libraries, but these are not part of the native YAML spec.

    Workarounds

    • Use YAML in conjunction with a template system, such as Jinja2 or Twig
    • Use a YAML extension library
    • Use sprintf or str.format style functionality from the hosting language

    Alternatives

    • YTT YAML Templating essentially a fork of YAML with additional features that may be closer to the goal specified in the OP.
    • Jsonnet shares some similarity with YAML, but with additional features that may be closer to the goal specified in the OP.

    See also

    Here at SO

    Outside SO